Web hosting is a service that allows organizations and individuals to post a website or web page onto the Internet. A web host, or web hosting service provider, is a business that provides the technologies and services needed for the website or web page to be viewed in the Internet. Websites are hosted, or stored, on special computers called servers.
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If
you've ever wondered where Bitcoin comes from and how it goes into
circulation, the answer is that it gets "mined" into existence. Bitcoin
mining serves to both add transactions to the block chain and to
release new Bitcoin. The mining process involves compiling recent
transactions into blocks and trying to solve a computationally difficult
puzzle. The first participant who solves the puzzle gets to place the
next block on the block chain and claim the rewards. The rewards
incentivize mining and include both the transaction fees (paid to the
miner in the form of Bitcoin) as well as the newly released Bitcoin.
1. Cripto tab
Earn Bitcoins while using Mozilla Firefox& google chrome extensions. simple thing you have to do is register & download the extension & run it while you surfing through above browsers.
Invite your active friends who will invite their friends - and start making real money! Earn more than 1 BTC!
To save your Bitcoin balance and referral network or restore access to
your account you need to log into Crypto Tab and add the extension
In today’s review, we’re going to be taking a look at a company by the name of Computta. Computta is a new entry into the increasingly-crowded MLM landscape, and upon first glance.. This is better way to mining concurrency.
Ransomware is a subset of malware in which the data on a victim's computer is locked, typically by encryption, and payment is demanded before the ransomed data is decrypted and access returned to the victim. The motive for ransomware attacks is nearly always monetary, and unlike other types of attacks, the victim is usually notified that an exploit has occurred and is given instructions for how to recover from the attack. Payment is often demanded in a virtual currency, such as bitcoin, so that the cybercriminal's identity isn't known.
Ransomware malware can be spread through malicious email attachments, infected software apps, infected external storage devices and compromised websites. A growing number of attacks have used remote desktop protocol and other approaches that don't rely on any form of user interaction.
In a lockscreen variant of a ransomware attack, the malware may change the victim's login credentials for a computing device; in a data kidnapping attack, the malware may encrypt files on the infected device, as well as other connected network devices.
While early instances of these attacks sometimes merely "locked" access to the web browser or to the Windows desktop -- and did so in ways that often could be fairly easily reverse-engineered and reopened -- hackershave since created versions of ransomware that use strong, public-key encryption to deny access to files on the computer.
Famous ransomware: CryptoLocker and WannaCry
Perhaps the first example of a widely spread attack that used public-key encryption was Cryptolocker, a Trojan horse that was active on the internet from September 2013 through May of the following year. The malware demanded payment in either bitcoin or a prepaid voucher, and experts generally believed that the RSA cryptography used -- when properly implemented -- was essentially impenetrable. In May 2014, however, a security firm gained access to a command-and-control server used by the attack and recovered the encryption keys used in the attacks. An online tool that allowed free key recovery was used to effectively defang the attack.
In May 2017, an attack called WannaCry was able to infect and encrypt more than a quarter million systems globally. The malware uses asymmetric encryption so that the victim cannot reasonably be expected to recover the (private and undistributed) key needed to decrypt the ransomed files.
How WannaCry ransomware works
Payments were demanded in bitcoin, meaning that the recipient of ransom payments couldn't be identified, but also meaning that the transactions were visible and thus the overall ransom payments could be tallied. During the thick of the week in which WannaCry was most virulent, only about $100,000 in bitcoin was transferred (to no avail: There are no accounts of data having been decrypted after payment).
The impact of WannaCry was pronounced in some cases. For example, the National Health Service in the U.K. was heavily affected and was forced to effectively take services offline during the attack. Published reports suggested that the damages caused to the thousands of impacted companies might exceed $1 billion.
According to the Symantec 2017 Internet Security Threat Report, the amount of ransom demanded roughly tripled from the previous two years in 2016, with the average demand totaling $1,077. Overall, it's difficult to say how often these demands are met. A study by IBM found that 70% of executives they surveyed said they'd paid a ransomware demand, but a study by Osterman Research found that a mere 3% of U.S.-based companies had paid (though percentages in other countries were considerably higher). For the most part, payment seems to work, though it's by no means without risk: A Kaspersky Security Bulletin from 2016 claimed that 20% of businesses that chose to pay the ransom demanded of them didn't receive their files back.
As of 2015, there is also mobile ransomware. A malicious Android app called Porn Droid locked the user's phone and changed its access PIN number, demanding a $500 payment.
Internet of things ransomware may not be far behind. Two researchers, Andrew Tierney and Ken Munro, demonstrated malware that attacked, locked and demanded a one-bitcoin ransom on a generally available smart thermostat at the 2016 Def Con conference.
How ransomware works
Ransomware kits on the deep web have allowed cybercriminals to purchase and use a software tool to create ransomware with specific capabilities and then generate this malware for their own distribution and with ransoms paid to their bitcoin accounts. As with much of the rest of the IT world, it's now possible for those with little or no technical background to order up inexpensive ransomware as a service (RaaS) and launch attacks with very little effort. In one RaaS scenario, the provider collects the ransom payments and takes a percentage before distributing the proceeds to the service user.
Attackers may use one of several different approaches to extort digital currency from their victims. For example:
The victim may receive a pop-up message or email ransom note warning that if the demanded sum is not paid by a certain date, the private key required to unlock the device or decrypt files will be destroyed.
The victim may be duped into believing he is the subject of an official inquiry. After being informed that unlicensed software or illegal web content has been found on his computer, the victim is given instructions for how to pay an electronic fine.
The attacker encrypts files on infected devices and makes money by selling a product that promises to help the victim unlock files and prevent future malware attacks.
In an interesting reversal, the extortion may be made with the threat not so much that the data will be unavailable (though this may also be the case), but that the data will be exposed to the general public in its unencrypted state if the ransom is not paid by a given deadline.
Ransomware prevention
To protect against ransomware attacks and other types of cyberextortion, experts urge users to back up computing devices on a regular basis and update software -- including antivirus software -- on a regular basis. End users should beware of clicking on links in emails from strangers or opening email attachments. Victims should do all they can to avoid paying ransoms.
if someone looking for how to make ransomewhere & proceed,
Security researchers claimed to have discovered 13 critical Spectre/Meltdown-like vulnerabilities throughout AMD's Ryzen and EPYC lines of processors that could allow attackers to access sensitive data, install persistent malware inside the chip, and gain full access to the compromised systems.
All these vulnerabilities reside in the secure part of the AMD's Zen architecture processors and chipsets—typically where device stores sensitive information such as passwords and encryption keys and makes sure nothing malicious is running when you start your PC.
The alleged vulnerabilities are categorized into four classes—RYZENFALL, FALLOUT, CHIMERA, and MASTERKEY—and threaten wide-range of servers, workstations, and laptops running vulnerable AMD Ryzen, Ryzen Pro, Ryzen Mobile or EPYC processors.
Discovered by a team of researchers at Israel-based CTS-Labs, newly disclosed unpatched vulnerabilities defeat AMD's Secure Encrypted Virtualization (SEV) technology and could allow attackers to bypass Microsoft Windows Credential Guard to steal network credentials.
Moreover, researchers also claimed to have found two exploitable manufacturer backdoors inside Ryzen chipset that could allow attackers to inject malicious code inside the chip.
Researchers successfully tested these vulnerabilities against 21 different AMD products and believe that 11 more products are also vulnerable to the issues.
Though AMD is currently investigating the accuracy of these flaws, Dan Guido, the founder of security firm Trail of Bits, who got early access to the full technical details and PoC exploits, have independently confirmed that all 13 AMD flaws are accurate and works as described in the paper.
Here's the brief explanation of all the vulnerabilities:
RYZENFALL (v1, v2, v3, v4) AMD Vulnerabilities
These flaws reside in AMD Secure OS and affect Ryzen secure processors (workstation/pro/mobile).
According to researchers, RYZENFALL vulnerabilities allow unauthorized code execution on the Ryzen Secure Processor, eventually letting attackers access protected memory regions, inject malware into the processor itself, and disable SMM protections against unauthorized BIOS reflashing.
Attackers could also use RYZENFALL to bypass Windows Credential Guard and steal network credentials, and then use the stolen data to spread across to other computers within that network (even highly secure Windows corporate networks).
RYZENFALL can also be combined with another issue called MASTERKEY (detailed below) to install persistent malware on the Secure Processor, "exposing customers to the risk of covert and long-term industrial espionage."
FALLOUT (v1, v2, v3) AMD Vulnerabilities
These vulnerabilities reside in the bootloader component of EPYC secure processor and allow attackers to read from and write to protected memory areas, such as SMRAM and Windows Credential Guard isolated memory.
FALLOUT attacks only affect servers using AMD's EPYC secure processors and could be exploited to inject persistent malware into VTL1, where the Secure Kernel and Isolated User Mode (IUM) execute code.
Like RYZENFALL, FALLOUT also let attackers bypass BIOS flashing protections, and steal network credentials protected by Windows Credential Guard.
"EPYC servers are in the process of being integrated into data centers around the world, including at Baidu and Microsoft Azure Cloud, and AMD has recently announced that EPYC and Ryzen embedded processors are being sold as high-security solutions for mission-critical aerospace and defense systems," researchers say.
"We urge the security community to study the security of these devices in depth before allowing them on mission-critical systems that could potentially put lives at risk."
CHIMERA (v1, v2) AMD Vulnerabilities
These two vulnerabilities are actually hidden manufacturer backdoors inside AMD's Promontory chipsets that are an integral part of all Ryzen and Ryzen Pro workstations.
One backdoor has been implemented in firmware running on the chip, while the other in the chip's hardware (ASIC), and allow attackers to run arbitrary code inside the AMD Ryzen chipset, or to re-flash the chip with persistent malware.
Since WiFi, network and Bluetooth traffic flows through the chipset, an attacker could exploit the chipset's man-in-the-middle position to launch sophisticated attacks against your device.
"This, in turn, could allow for firmware-based malware that has full control over the system, yet is notoriously difficult to detect or remove. Such malware could manipulate the operating system through Direct Memory Access (DMA), while remaining resilient against most endpoint security products," researchers say.
According to the researchers, it may be possible to implement a stealthy keylogger by listening to USB traffic that flows through the chipset, allowing attackers to see everything a victim types on the infected computer.
"Because the latter has been manufactured into the chip, a direct fix may not be possible, and the solution may involve either a workaround or a recall," researchers warn.
MASTERKEY (v1, v2, v3) AMD Vulnerabilities
These three vulnerabilities in EPYC and Ryzen (workstation/pro/mobile) processors could allow attackers to bypass hardware validated boot to re-flash BIOS with a malicious update and infiltrate the Secure Processor to achieve arbitrary code execution.
Like RYZENFALL and FALLOUT, MASTERKEY also allows attackers to install stealthy and persistent malware inside AMD Secure Processor, "running in kernel-mode with the highest possible permissions," as well as bypass Windows Credential Guard to facilitate network credential theft.
MASTERKEY vulnerabilities also allow attackers to disable security features such as Firmware Trusted Platform Module (fTPM) and Secure Encrypted Virtualization (SEV).
It's notable that all these vulnerabilities require either low-privilege access, or administrative in some cases, on the targeted system to work.
CTS-Lab researchers gave just 24 hours to the AMD team to look at all vulnerabilities and respond before going public with their details—that's hell quick for any company to understand and patch the critical level issues properly.
While Intel and Microsoft are still managing its patches for Meltdown and Spectre vulnerabilities, the newly discovered vulnerabilities could create similar trouble for AMD and its customers.
So, let's wait and watch when the company comes up with fixes, though the researchers said it could take "several months to fix" all the issues.
For more detailed information about the vulnerabilities, you can head on to this paper [PDF] titled, "Severe Security Advisory on AMD Processors," published by CTS-Lab.
Whether you're a developer, designer or a writer, a good text editor always help you save time and make you work more efficiently.
For example, I use Sublime a lot while programming because it includes some useful tools like 'syntax highlighting' and 'autocomplete' that every advanced text editor should have.
Moreover, these advanced text editors also offer users extensibility, allowing users to install and run third-party plugins to extend the editor's functionality and most importantly its scope.
However, it's a known fact that third-party plugins always pose a significant risk of hacking, whether it's about WordPress plugins or Windows' extensions for Chrome, Firefox or Photoshop.
SafeBreach researcher Dor Azouri analyzed several popular extensible text editors for Unix and Linux systems, including Sublime, Vim, Emacs, Gedit, and pico/nano, and found that except for pico/nano, all of them are vulnerable to a critical privilege escalation flaw that could be exploited by attackers to run malicious code on a victims’ machines.
"This method succeeds regardless of the file being opened in the editor, so even limitations commonly applied on sudo commands might not protect from it," the paper reads [pdf]
"Technical users will occasionally need to edit root-owned files, and for that purpose they will open their editor with elevated privileges, using ‘sudo.’ There are many valid reasons to elevate the privileges of an editor."
The issue resides in the way these text editors load plugins. According to the researcher, there's inadequate separation of regular and elevated modes when loading plugins for these editors.
Their folder permissions integrity is not maintained correctly, which opens the door for attackers with regular user permissions to elevate their privileges and execute arbitrary code on the user's machine.
A simple malvertising campaign could allow attackers spread malicious extension for vulnerable text editors, enabling them to run malicious code with elevated privileges, install malware and remotely take full control of targeted computers.
Azouri suggests Unix users can use an open-source host-based intrusion detection system, called OSSEC, to actively monitoring system activity, files integrity, logs, and processes.
Users should avoid loading 3rd-party plugins when the editor is elevated and also deny write permissions for non-elevated users.
Azouri advised developers of text editors to change the folders and file permission models to complete the separation between regular and elevated modes and if possible, provide a manual interface for users to approve the elevated loading of plugins.
Security researchers have discovered a massive continuously growing malware campaign that has already infected nearly 5 million mobile devices worldwide.
Dubbed RottenSys, the malware that disguised as a 'System Wi-Fi service' app came pre-installed on millions of brand new smartphones manufactured by Honor, Huawei, Xiaomi, OPPO, Vivo, Samsung and GIONEE—added somewhere along the supply chain.
All these affected devices were shipped through Tian Pai, a Hangzhou-based mobile phone distributor, but researchers are not sure if the company has direct involvement in this campaign.
According to Check Point Mobile Security Team, who uncovered this campaign, RottenSys is an advanced piece of malware that doesn't provide any secure Wi-Fi related service but takes almost all sensitive Android permissions to enable its malicious activities.
"According to our findings, the RottenSys malware began propagating in September 2016. By March 12, 2018, 4,964,460 devices were infected by RottenSys," researchers said.
To evade detection, the fake System Wi-Fi service app comes initially with no malicious component and doesn’t immediately start any malicious activity.
Instead, RottenSys has been designed to communicate with its command-and-control servers to get the list of required components, which contain the actual malicious code.
RottenSys then downloads and installs each of them accordingly, using the "DOWNLOAD_WITHOUT_NOTIFICATION" permission that does not require any user interaction.
Hackers Earned $115,000 in Just Last 10 Days
At this moment, the massive malware campaign pushes an adware component to all infected devices that aggressively displays advertisements on the device’s home screen, as pop-up windows or full-screen ads to generate fraudulent ad-revenues.
"RottenSys is an extremely aggressive ad network. In the past 10 days alone, it popped aggressive ads 13,250,756 times (called impressions in the ad industry), and 548,822 of which were translated into ad clicks," researchers said.
According to the CheckPoint researchers, the malware has made its authors more than $115,000 in the last 10 days alone, but the attackers are up to "something far more damaging than simply displaying uninvited advertisements."
Since RottenSys has been designed to download and install any new components from its C&C server, attackers can easily weaponize or take full control over millions of infected devices.
The investigation also disclosed some evidence that the RottenSys attackers have already started turning millions of those infected devices into a massive botnet network.
Some infected devices have been found installing a new RottenSys component that gives attackers more extensive abilities, including silently installing additional apps and UI automation.
"Interestingly, a part of the controlling mechanism of the botnet is implemented in Lua scripts. Without intervention, the attackers could re-use their existing malware distribution channel and soon grasp control over millions of devices," researchers noted.
This is not the first time when CheckPoint researchers found top-notch brands affected with the supply chain attack.
Last year, the firm found smartphone belonging to Samsung, LG, Xiaomi, Asus, Nexus, Oppo, and Lenovo, infected with two pieces of pre-installed malware (Loki Trojan and SLocker mobile ransomware) designed to spy on users.
How to Detect and Remove Android Malware?
To check if your device is being infected with this malware, go to Android system settings→ App Manager, and then look for the following possible malware package names:
com.android.yellowcalendarz (每日黄历)
com.changmi.launcher (畅米桌面)
com.android.services.securewifi (系统WIFI服务)
com.system.service.zdsgt
If any of above is in the list of your installed apps, simply uninstall it.
Researchers found critical vulnerabilities in three popular VPN services that could leak users' real IP addresses and other sensitive data.
VPN, or Virtual Private Network, is a great way to protect your daily online activities that work by encrypting your data and boosting security, as well as useful to obscure your actual IP address.
While some choose VPN services for online anonymity and data security, one major reason many people use VPN is to hide their real IP addresses to bypass online censorship and access websites that are blocked by their ISPs.
But what if when the VPN you thought is protecting your privacy is actually leaking your sensitive data and real location?
A team of three ethical hackers hired by privacy advocate firm VPN Mentor revealed that three popular VPN service providers—HotSpot Shield, PureVPN, and Zenmate—with millions of customers worldwide were found vulnerable to flaws that could compromise user's privacy.
The team includes application security researcher Paulos Yibelo, an ethical hacker known by his alias 'File Descriptor' and works for Cure53, and whereas, the identity of third one has not been revealed on demand.
PureVPN is the same company who lied to have a 'no log' policy, but a few months ago helped the FBI with logs that lead to the arrest of a Massachusetts man in a cyberstalking case.
After a series of privacy tests on the three VPN services, the team found that all three VPN services are leaking their users' real IP addresses, which can be used to identify individual users and their actual location.
Concerning consequences for end users, VPN Mentor explains that the vulnerabilities could "allow governments, hostile organizations [sic], or individuals to identify the actual IP address of a user, even with the use of the VPNs."
The issues in ZenMate and PureVPN have not been disclosed since they haven't yet patched, while VPN Mentor says the issues discovered in ZenMate VPN were less severe than HotSpot Shield and PureVPN.
The team found three separate vulnerabilities in AnchorFree's HotSpot Shield, which have been fixed by the company. Here's the list:
Hijack all traffic (CVE-2018-7879) — This vulnerability resided in Hotspot Shield’s Chrome extension and could have allowed remote hackers to hijack and redirect victim's web traffic to a malicious site.
DNS leak (CVE-2018-7878) — DNS leak flaw in Hotspot Shield exposed users' original IP address to the DNS server, allowing ISPs to monitor and record their online activities.
Real IP Address leak (CVE-2018-7880) — This flaw poses a privacy threat to users since hackers can track user's real location and the ISP. the issue occurred because the extension had a loose whitelist for "direct connection." Researchers found that any domain with localhost, e.g., localhost.foo.bar.com, and 'type=a1fproxyspeedtest' in the URL bypass the proxy and leaks real IP address.
Here it must be noted that all the three vulnerabilities were in the HotSpot Shield's free Chrome plug-in, not in the desktop or smartphone apps.
The researchers also reported similar vulnerabilities in the Chrome plugins of Zenmate and PureVPN, but for now, the details of the bugs are being kept under wraps since both the manufacturers have not yet fixed them.
Researchers believe that most other VPN services also suffer from similar issues.
